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Cuba's economy has a planned economy, dominated by state-run enterprises which means that the Cuban government oversees, though there remains significant foreign investment and personal enterprise in Cuba. Most of the means of production are owned and run by the government, and most of the labor force is employed by the state, although in recent years, the Communist Party has encouraged the formation of cooperatives and self-employment. In the year 2000, public sector employment was 76% and private sector, mainly composed of personal property, employment was 23% compared to the 1981 ratio of 91% to 8%.〔(Social Policy at the Crossroads ) Oxfam America Report〕 Capital investment is restricted and requires approval by the government. The Cuban government sets most prices and rations goods to citizens. In 2009, Cuba ranked 51st out of 182 with an HDI of 0.863; remarkably high considering its GDP per capita only places it 95th.〔() UNDP 2009〕 Public services and transportation in Cuba, however, are second-rate compared to more developed counterparts on the mainland. In 2012, the country's public debt was measured at 35.3% of GDP. At the same time, inflation (CDP) was ranked at 5.5%. Furthermore, in the same year, the economy encountered a 3% growth in GDP.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2014/countries/cuba.pdf )〕 Before Fidel Castro's 1959 revolution, Cuba had an extremely unequal economy, with large capital outflows to foreign investors but the country's economy had grown rapidly in the early part of the century, fueled by the sale of sugar to the United States.〔(Santosh. (1997) Human Development in Cuba: Growing Risk of Reversal in Development with a Human Face: Experience in Social Achievement and Economic Growth Ed. Santosh Mehrotra and Richard Jolly, Clarendon Press, Oxford )〕 The country compared favorably with Spain and Portugal on socioeconomic measures. Furthermore, its income in 1929 was reportedly 41% of the US, thus higher than in some Southern states of the US, such as Mississippi and South Carolina〔(Marianne Ward (Loyola College) and John Devereux (Queens College CUNY), ''The Road not taken: Pre-Revolutionary Cuban Living Standards in Comparative Perspective'' ) pp. 30-31.〕 The country has made significant progress towards a more even distribution of income since the Revolution and being placed under economic embargo by the United States. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba's GDP declined by 33% between 1990 and 1993, partially due to loss of Soviet subsidies〔(Claes (2009) Revolutionary Cuba at 50: Growth with Equity revisited Latin American Perspectives Vol. 36 No. 2 March 2009 pp.31-48 )〕 and to a crash in sugar prices in the early 1990s. Yet Cuba has managed to retain high levels of healthcare and education.〔(A.R.M (2004) The Cuban Economy Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press )〕 Housing and transportation costs are low and Cubans receive free education, health care, and food subsidies. Corruption is common, although allegedly lower than in most other countries in Latin America. In the book, ''Corruption in Cuba'', Sergio Diaz-Briquets and Jorge F. Pérez-López Servando state that Cuba has "institutionalized" corruption and that state-run monopolies, cronyism, and lack of accountability have made Cuba one of the world's most corrupt states".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Human Rights in Cuba )〕 ==History== Prior to the Cuban Revolution, Cuba was one of the most advanced and successful countries in Latin America.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=American Experience - Fidel Castro - People & Events - PBS )〕 Cuba became an exotic and favorite destination for some of America's wealthiest. They came for bouts of gambling, horse racing, golfing and country-clubbing. American tourism became Cuba's flowing source of revenue. Tourism magazine ''Cabaret Quarterly'' described Havana as "a mistress of pleasure, the lush and opulent goddess of delights." According to Cuba historian Louis Perez of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Havana was then what Las Vegas has become." 〔 Cuba had a one-crop economy whose domestic market was constricted. Its population was characterized by chronic unemployment and deep poverty. United States monopolies like Bethlehem Steel Corporation and Speyer gained control over Cuba's national resources from which they made huge profits. The banks and the country's entire financial system, all electric power production and most industry was dominated by US capital. US monopolies owned 25 percent of the best land in Cuba and more than 80 percent of all farm lands were occupied by sugar and livestock-raising large estate 90 percent of the country's raw sugar and tobacco exports was sent to the USA. Before the Revolution most Cuban children were not included in the school system. There was almost no machine-building industry in Cuba. During this period in the 1950s Cuba was as rich per capita as Italy was and richer than Japan.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History News Network - Humberto Fontova: Historians Have Absolved Fidel Castro )〕 87 percent of urban homes had electricity, but only 10 percent of rural homes did. Only 15 percent of rural homes had running water. Nearly half the rural population was illiterate as was about 25 percent of the total population. Poverty and unemployment in the rural areas forced desperate residents to migrate to Havana where high levels of crime and prostitution existed.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba )〕 More than 40 percent of the Cuban workforce in 1958 were either underemployed or unemployed. Schools for blacks and mulattoes were vastly inferior to those for whites. Afro-Cubans had the worst living conditions and held the lowest paid jobs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A Contemporary Cuba Reader )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economy of Cuba」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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